A unified framework for the comprehension of software's time dimension

Les logiciels sont de plus en plus complexes et leur développement est souvent fait par des équipes dispersées et changeantes. Par ailleurs, de nos jours, la majorité des logiciels sont recyclés au lieu d’être développés à partir de zéro. La tâche de compréhension, inhérente aux tâches de maintenance, consiste à analyser plusieurs dimensions du logiciel en parallèle. La dimension temps intervient à deux niveaux dans le logiciel : il change durant son évolution et durant son exécution. Ces changements prennent un sens particulier quand ils sont analysés avec d’autres dimensions du logiciel. L’analyse de données multidimensionnelles est un problème difficile à résoudre. Cependant, certaines méthodes permettent de contourner cette difficulté. Ainsi, les approches semi-automatiques, comme la visualisation du logiciel, permettent à l’usager d’intervenir durant l’analyse pour explorer et guider la recherche d’informations. Dans une première étape de la thèse, nous appliquons des techniques de visualisation pour mieux comprendre la dynamique des logiciels pendant l’évolution et l’exécution. Les changements dans le temps sont représentés par des heat maps. Ainsi, nous utilisons la même représentation graphique pour visualiser les changements pendant l’évolution et ceux pendant l’exécution. Une autre catégorie d’approches, qui permettent de comprendre certains aspects dynamiques du logiciel, concerne l’utilisation d’heuristiques. Dans une seconde étape de la thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’identification des phases pendant l’évolution ou pendant l’exécution en utilisant la même approche. Dans ce contexte, la prémisse est qu’il existe une cohérence inhérente dans les évènements, qui permet d’isoler des sous-ensembles comme des phases. Cette hypothèse de cohérence est ensuite définie spécifiquement pour les évènements de changements de code (évolution) ou de changements d’état (exécution). L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier l’unification de ces deux dimensions du temps que sont l’évolution et l’exécution. Ceci s’inscrit dans notre volonté de rapprocher les deux domaines de recherche qui s’intéressent à une même catégorie de problèmes, mais selon deux perspectives différentes.Software systems are getting more and more complex and are developed by teams that are constantly changing and not necessarily working in the same location. Moreover, most software systems, nowadays, are recycled rather than being developed from scratch. A comprehension task is crucial when performing maintenance tasks; it consists of analyzing multiple software dimensions concurrently. Time is one of these dimensions, as software changes its state with time in two manners: during their execution and during their evolution. These changes make sense only when analyzed within the context of other software dimensions, such as structure or bug information. Multidimensional analysis is a difficult problem to solve. However, there are certain methods that bypass this difficulty, such as semi-automatic approaches. Software visualization is one of them, as it allows being part of the analysis by exploring and guiding information search. The first stage of the thesis consists of applying visualization techniques to better understand software dynamicity during execution and evolution. Changes over time are represented by heat maps. Hence, we utilize the same graphical representation to visualize both change types over time. Other approaches that permit the analysis of a program’s dynamic behavior over time involve the use of heuristics. In the thesis’ second stage, we are interested in the identification of the programs’ execution phases and evolution patterns using the same approach, i.e. search-based optimisation. In this context, the premise is the existence of internal cohesion between change events that allow the clustering in phases. This hypothesis of cohesion is defined specifically for change events in the code during software evolution and state changes during program execution. This thesis’ main objective is to study the unification of these two time dimensions, evolution and execution, in an attempt to bring together two research domains that work on the same set of problems, but from two different perspectives

Interest of Surgical Treatment of Per-Trochanteric Fractures by Gamma Nail: About 100 Cases

Gamma nail closed osteosynthesis has surpassed several methods previously used in the treatment of fractures in the trochanteric region.          The objective of the research was to carry out an epidemiological study and to assess the evolutionary profile of patients with per-trochanteric fracture treated with gamma nail.          Materials and methods. In this retrospective study, we report the experience of the Traumatology-Orthopedics Service II of the Military Teaching Hospital Mohamed V-Rabat, in the treatment of per-trochanteric fractures by gamma nail in 100 cases, collected between January 2011 and March 2016.          Results. The average age of our patients was 68 years, with a male predominance of 67%. The most reported etiology (92% of cases) was simple drop. Stable fractures were the most common (81%), with a predominance of simple per-trochanteric fractures. The average response time was 24 hours, the average duration of the surgical procedure was 45 minutes. The rate of infectious complications was 1%; the rate of mechanical complications was 1%. The functional results were excellent and good in 95% of cases. The average consolidation time was 8 weeks.          Conclusions. Trochanteric fracture is a delayed emergency which is seen primarily in the elderly. The gamma nail represents one of the latest improvements in implants for the treatment of these fractures. We report a series of 100 cases of trochanteric fractures treated surgically by gamma nail. The functional results were very encouraging compared to those reported in the literature. &nbsp

Visualizing Software Dynamicities with Heat Maps

Abstract — Interactive software visualization offers a promising support for program comprehension, including program dynamicity. We present, the extension of an existing visualization tool with heat maps to explore the time and other dimensions of software. To this end, we first propose a framework to unify the two main software dynamicities, execution and evolution. Then, this unified framework is exploited to define a visualization environment based on heat maps. We illustrate our approach on two comprehension tasks: understanding the behavior of programmers during the evolution of an application and understanding class contributions in use cases. The case studies show that the heat-map metaphor contributes to answer, more easily, many of the questions important to program comprehension. I

A Revision Arthrodesis of Severe Charcot Foot with Intramedullary Nail: a Case Report and Literature Review

Diabetic Charcot foot is characterized by varying degrees of bone and joint disorganization secondary to underlying neuropathy, perturbations of bone metabolism and trauma. Offloading is the most important initial treatment recommendation. Surgery can be helpful in early stages involving acute fractures of the foot or ankle or in later stages when offloading is ineffective. Incorrect diagnosis and improper treatment often result in the extremity having to be amputated.     There are several surgical procedures accepted in Charcot foot surgery. Their goal is to obtain a plantigrade foot and prevent recurrent ulcerations. Arthrodesis is a well-known surgical procedure that addresses severe joint derangement through a surgically induced bony fusion. In Charcot foot, arthrodesis is usually indicated when there is significant skeletal instability. This procedure can be done by internal or external fixation

Tracking the Software Quality of Android Applications along their Evolution

International audienceMobile apps are becoming complex software systems that must be developed quickly and evolve continuously to fit new user requirements and execution contexts. However, addressing these requirements may result in poor design choices, also known as antipatterns, which may incidentally degrade software quality and performance. Thus, the automatic detection and tracking of antipatterns in this apps are important activities in order to ease both maintenance and evolution. Moreover, they guide developers to refactor their applications and thus, to improve their quality. While antipatterns are well-known in object-oriented applications, their study in mobile applications is still in its infancy. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of mobile apps quality on 3,568 versions of 106 popular Android applications downloaded from the Google Play Store. For this purpose, we use a tooled approach, called Paprika, to identify 3 object-oriented and 4 Android-specific antipatterns from binaries of mobile apps, and to analyze their quality along evolutions

Tracking the Software Quality of Android Applications along their Evolution

International audienceMobile apps are becoming complex software systems that must be developed quickly and evolve continuously to fit new user requirements and execution contexts. However, addressing these requirements may result in poor design choices, also known as antipatterns, which may incidentally degrade software quality and performance. Thus, the automatic detection and tracking of antipatterns in this apps are important activities in order to ease both maintenance and evolution. Moreover, they guide developers to refactor their applications and thus, to improve their quality. While antipatterns are well-known in object-oriented applications, their study in mobile applications is still in its infancy. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of mobile apps quality on 3,568 versions of 106 popular Android applications downloaded from the Google Play Store. For this purpose, we use a tooled approach, called Paprika, to identify 3 object-oriented and 4 Android-specific antipatterns from binaries of mobile apps, and to analyze their quality along evolutions

Design Methodology, Modeling, and Comparative Study of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles

Recently, wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have been used as battery chargers for electric vehicles. In a WPT system, the design approach and control strategy have a significant impact on the performance of the wireless power transfer systems in electric vehicle powertrains in terms of efficiency, charging power, charging modes, charging time, etc. A characteristic of different topologies appears depending on whether the compensation capacitor is connected in series or parallel with coils. Therefore, it is necessary to select a suitable compensation topology depending on different applications. Thus, this paper proposes a new design methodology and control system for bidirectional 3.7 kW and 7.7 kW WPTs in light-duty electric vehicles (EVs) operating at both 40 kHz and 85 kHz resonance frequencies. In this paper, the series-series (SS) WPT compensation topology is optimally designed and controlled for grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode using MATLAB/Simulink. A simulation study is performed for a selected WPT design for G2V mode to ensure its functionality and performance at different power levels. Moreover, the magnetic design of the coils and its parameters are verified by using COMSOL. Finally, experimental results are validated for the WPT system

Switched reluctance motors and drive systems for electric vehicle powertrains: State of the art analysis and future trends

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This paper presents a detailed literature review on switched reluctance motor (SRM) and drive systems in electric vehicle (EV) powertrains. SRMs have received increasing attention for EV applications owing to their reliable structure, fault tolerance ability and magnet free design. The main drawbacks of the SRM are torque ripple, low power density, low power factor and small extended speed range. Recent research shows that multi-stack conventional switched reluctance motors (MSCSRM) and multi-stack switched reluctance motors with a segmental rotor (MSSRM-SR) are promising alternative solutions to reduce torque ripples, increase torque density and increase power factor. Different winding configurations such as single-layer concentrated winding (SLC), single layer mutually coupled winding (SLMC), double layer concentrated winding (DLC), double layer mutually coupled winding (DLMC) and fully-pitched winding (FP) are introduced in the literature in recent years to increase average torque and to decrease torque ripples. This research analyzes winding methods and structure of the SRMs, including conventional and segmental rotors. They have been compared and assessed in detail evaluation of torque ripple reduction, torque/power density increase, noise/vibration characteristics and mechanical structure. In addition, various drive systems are fully addressed for the SRMs, including conventional drives, soft-switching drives, drives with standard inverters and drives with an integrated battery charger. In this paper, the SRM control methods are also reviewed and classified. These control methods include strategies of torque ripple reduction, fault-diagnosis, fault-tolerance techniques and sensorless control. The key contributions of this paper provide a useful basis for detailed analysis of modeling and electromechanical design, drive systems, and control techniques of the SRMs for EV applications

Measles in Morocco: Epidemiological Profile and Impact of Vaccination Strategy

<p><strong>Article full text</strong></p><p><br> The full text of this article can be found <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-015-0188-2"><b>here</b>.</a><br> <br> <strong>Provide enhanced content for this article</strong><br> If you are an author of this publication and would like to provide additional enhanced content for your article then please contact <u>[email protected]</u>.<br> <br> The journal offers a range of additional features designed to increase visibility and readership. All features will be thoroughly peer reviewed to ensure the content is of the highest scientific standard and all features are marked as ‘peer reviewed’ to ensure readers are aware that the content has been reviewed to the same level as the articles they are being presented alongside. Moreover, all sponsorship and disclosure information is included to provide complete transparency and adherence to good publication practices. This ensures that however the content is reached the reader has a full understanding of its origin. No fees are charged for hosting additional open access content.<br> <br> Other enhanced features include, but are not limited to:<br> • Slide decks<br> • Videos and animations<br> • Audio abstracts<br> • Audio slides</p><p> </p><p> </p> <p> </p